Calabria, Tarentum
Stater circa 276-272, AV 8.55 g. Laureate head of Zeus r.; behind, NK ligate. Rev. TAPANTINΩN – [Α]ΠΟΛ Eagle standing r. on thunderbolt, with spread wings; in lower r. field, helmet. Fischer-Bossert G37b (this coin). BMC 4 var. Historia Numorum Italy 983. Rare and in exceptional condition for the issue, undoubtedly among the finest specimens known. Unusually struck on a very large flan and complete. Superb reddish tone and good extremely fine Ex Santamaria sale 18 February 1958, 924. From an Exceptional Collection assembled between the early 70s and late 90s. This very rare gold stater dates to the time of King Pyrrhus of Epirus' involvement in Tarentine affairs in southern Italy. During the first decades of the third century B.C., Roman power had extended to most of Italy. Attempting to subdue the loose tribal confederation of Lucanians in the southwestern tip of the peninsula who had proven a nuisance to their ambitions, the Romans violated their preexisting treaty with Tarentum when they sent warships into the Tarentine Gulf to blockade the city of Thurium. The Tarentines responded in force, expelling the garrison which the Romans had installed at Thurium. Knowing that this would precipitate an unwanted war with Rome for which they were unprepared, the people of Tarentum called on Pyrrhus for assistance. At the time that this request from Tarentum came, Pyrrhus had just been evicted from his Macedonian possessions by King Lysimachus of Thrace. The previous decades had seen Pyrrhus largely as a pawn in the great games of the warring Diadochs, the successors of Alexander the Great, and their sons. While he had certainly proven to be a capable and dynamic general during these events, at the time Tarentum called on him, having recently lost his kingdom in Macedonia and reduced to only his possessions in Epirus (and that owing substantially to financial and material support from the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt), the prospect of a western campaign offered Pyrrhus an outlet for his energies as well as a chance for expanding his domain and for earning greater glory. While Pyrrhus defeated the Romans decisively in three engagements, he had not counted on Roman tenacity. At this time the Romans controlled an incredibly vast territory and also had the support of a large network of allied states, all of which could provide more troops and material. Additionally, his gains were not without cost: in each engagement he lost large numbers of his most experienced officers, which indeed provides some insight into Roman military tactics. According to Plutarch, these losses caused him to quip "[if] we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." (Plutarch, Pyrrhus 21.9), which gives us the modern phrase Pyrrhic victory, meaning a success earned at such a heavy toll that any sense of achievement or profit is negated. The gold of Tarentum is all very rare today, but must have originally seen a very large output. In addition to staters, there are halves, thirds, quarters, eighths, tenths, twelfths, and sixteenths. Additionally, at this time the silver nomoi were reduced in weight from circa 7.9 g to circa 6.6 g, and were struck in prodigious quantities. This increased productivity simply illustrates the effect of war on a mint, especially of a city like Tarentum needed to hire mercenaries in order to wage war. The gold is often signed and features the portraits of Zeus, Herakles, Apollo and Athena on the obverse, with either their respective animals (the eagle and the owl), representations of the eponymous founder of Tarentum, Taras, or Athena Alkidemos ('defender of the people').