Byzantine ‘Greek Fire’ Fire Bomb or Hand Grenade 9th-11th century A.D. A hollow ceramic vessel, with barrel-shaped body, domed top and base, and short neck with narrow slot, designed to be filled with explosive liquid and used as a hand grenade; accompanied by a custom-made display stand. See Arendt, W. I., Granaten des 13-14. Jahrhunderts, die an der Wolga gefunden sind, Zeitschrift fur Historische Waffen-und Kostumkunde, 11 (1926-8), p.42; cf. Arendt, W., Die Spharisch-konischen Gefasse aus Gebranntem Ton, ibid; Ayalon, D., Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom, London, 1956, p.16. 330 grams, 89 mm (448 grams total,11 cm high including stand) (3 1/2 in. (4 3/8 in.)). European art market, before 2000. Private Oxfordshire, UK, collection. Accompanied by an academic paper by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato, dated 15 July 2019 and titled Eastern Roman Empire - Greek Fire Bomb or Hand Grenade (??????? k???????) 9th-11th century AD. Apart from the use of siphons or manual flame-throwers called cheirosiphona, special corps of Roman soldiers employed terracotta grenades, in the form of small jars, abundantly evidenced in archaeological excavations. Such were the ??????, vessels (sometimes also of bronze) used for Greek fire. They were called ?????? k?????? or ???????????? where the former had a bulbous shape and the latter a more cylindrical form. [No Reserve]